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1. a bit/ a little
這兩個詞都意為“一點兒”有時可以互換,但有時不能。
Ⅰ.二者作程度副詞修飾形容詞、副詞、動詞或比較級時,意義相同,為“一點兒” “有些”。如:
① I am a bit / a little hungry.
我有點餓。
② He walked a bit / a little slowly.
他走路有點慢。
Ⅱ.二者都可以作名詞詞組,充當主語或賓語。如:
① A little / bit is enough for me.
我有一點兒就夠了。
② I know only a little / a bit about her. 我對她的情況只了解一點。
Ⅲ。a little可直接修飾名詞;a bit后須加of才可以。如:
①. There is a little water in the bottle.
= There is a bit of water in the bottle.
[注意] a little of 后的名詞通常特指,表“……中的一些”,如:
①May I have a little of your tea?
Ⅳ. 否定形式 not a little 作狀語,相當于
very/ quite, “很”, “非常”;作定語
和賓語時,相當于much, 意為 “許多”。而not a bit 作狀語時,相當于not
at all, 意為“一點也不”,作賓語時則相
當于not much. Eg:
① He is not a little (=very) hungry.
他餓極了。
② He is not a bit (=not at all) hungry.
他一點也不餓。
③ She ate not a little (=much).
她吃得很多。
Ⅴ. Not a bit 中的not 可以分開使用;not a little中的not 則不能分開。Eg:
① He felt not a bit tired.
= He didn’t feel a bit tired.
他覺得一點也不累。
② He felt not a little tired.
他覺得非常累。但不能說:
He didn’t fell a little tired.
2. a few/ few/ a little/ little
Ⅰ. a few和few修飾可數(shù)名詞,a little和little修飾不可數(shù)名詞;a few和a little表示肯定意義,few和little表示否定意義,可受only修飾。如:
① Few people will agree to the plan because it’s too dangerous.
②This text is easy to understand though there are a few new words in it.
③ There is little water left in glass. Will you please give me some
④ Don’t worry, we have a little time left.
3. about/ on
Ⅰ.about “關(guān)于”表示的內(nèi)容較為普通或指人時用它。側(cè)重于敘事,多用于敘述個人經(jīng)歷和事跡,故事內(nèi)容涉及一些較淺的問題。是非正式用語。
Ⅱ.on “關(guān)于”側(cè)重于論述政治理論,國際形勢,學術(shù)報告等。也就是說,當表示這本書,這篇文章或演說是嚴肅的或?qū)W術(shù)性的可供專門研究這一問題的人閱讀時用。eg:
This is a text book on African history. 這是一本關(guān)于非州歷史的教科書。[注]:它們有時可通用。
4. above/over/on/upon
Ⅰ. 方位介詞,“在……之上”
Ⅱ. above 著重指:在……上方,不一定含有垂直在上的意思。反義詞為:below.
① The sun rose above the horizon. 太陽升到了地平線上。
② The aero plane flew above the clouds.飛機在云層上飛行。
Ⅲ.over 表蓋在……上面,或鋪在……上面。此時不能用above.代替。含有垂直在上的意思。反義詞為under.
① Spread the tablecloth over the table.把桌布鋪在桌子上。
Ⅳ. on 含有與表面相接觸的意思。
① The book is on the desk.
② There is an oil painting on the wall. 墻上有一幅油畫。
Ⅴ.upon 也含有和表面相接觸的意思。與on沒有多大的區(qū)別,但較正式,口語中較少用。
① He laid his hand upon the boy’s head. 他把手放在孩子的頭上。
[注] up 與以上幾個不同,它表示向上方或高處,含有由下而上,由低而高的意思。常和表示運動的動詞連用。作副詞時,表示在上方或高處。
① We run up a hill. 我們跑上山。
② The plane was high up in the air.飛機在高空中。
5. accident/incident “事故”
Ⅰ. accident 可以表示事故,指不幸的意外事件。也表偶然的事件。
① Twenty people were killed in the railway accident
② He met with an accident. 這完全是偶然的事。
Ⅱ. Incident 的意思是事件,尤指與較重大的事件相比,顯得不重要的事件。它還可以表引起國際爭端或戰(zhàn)爭的事件。
① It is a quite common incident.這是很普通的事。
② The Lugouqiao incident accrued on July 7th, 1937. 蘆溝橋事件發(fā)生于1937年7月7日。
6. accept/receive
Ⅰ. accept “接受”,表示其行為是由主觀意愿決定的。
① I accepted it without question. 我毫無疑問地接受了它。
② We have accepted his proposal. 我已接受了他的建議。
Ⅱ. receive “接到、收到、受到”表示其行為與主觀意愿無關(guān)。如:
① I received a letter from him. 我收到了他的來信。
② He received the present, but he did not accept. 他收到了禮物,但沒有接受下來。
③ He received a good education.他受到了良好的教育。
[注] 在表示接待、接見時,通常用 receive, 而不用 accept.
如:We often receive foreign guests. 我們經(jīng)常接待外賓。
7. at hand/ in hand
Ⅰ. at hand“在手邊;在附近;即將到來”如:
① When he writes, he always keeps a dictionary at hand. 他寫東西時,手邊總有一本字典。
② Spring is at hand. 春天就要來了。
Ⅱ. in hand “在手中的;現(xiàn)有的”引申為:“在掌握中;在處理中”。如:
① I have 100 yuan in hand. 我手頭有100元錢。
② The police immediately had the situation in hand. 警方立即控制了局勢。
8. accurate/exact/correct
Ⅰ. accurate “準確、精確” 不僅表無錯誤,且表細心,謹慎地做到符合標準,符合事實或真象。如:
① Clocks in railway stations must be accurate.火車站的鐘必須準確。
② The figures are not accurate.這些數(shù)字不精確。
Ⅱ. exact “精確、確切”強調(diào)完全符合標準,符合事實或真象,絲毫沒有差錯。它這三個中語意最強。如:
① His translation is exact to the letter. 他的翻譯翻譯確切。
② Your description is not very exact.你的描述不很確切。
Ⅲ.correct. “正確”指按照一定的標準或規(guī)則,而沒有錯誤。在這有一個詞中,它的語意最弱。
① His answer is correct. 他的回答是正確的。
② The thing turned out to be correct. 事情結(jié)果是對的。
9. ache/pain “痛”
Ⅰ. ache 通常指一種持續(xù)的隱痛。 它可以與表身體某部分的詞,組成復合詞。如:
① Where is the ache? 哪里痛?
② I have a headache (stomachache, toothache atc).
Ⅱ. pain 是普通用語。不含持續(xù)痛的意味,尤指一種突然的劇痛。除指肉體上的外,還指精神的痛苦。如:
① I feel a great deal of pain. 我感到非常痛。
② He cried with pain. 他痛得直叫。
③ I have a pain in the arm. 我手臂痛。
④ I have pains all over. 我渾身痛。
⑤ It gave us much pain to learn of the sad news. 聽到不幸的消息很悲痛。
10. across/through/ over
Ⅰ. across “橫過、穿過”,指從……的一邊到另一邊。含義與on有關(guān)。如:
① I swam across the river. 我游過這條河(指從此岸到彼岸)
② Let’s help push the cart across the bridge.我們幫著把車子推過橋吧。
Ⅱ. through “穿過、通過”指穿過兩邊。是從空間較狹窄的一頭穿到另一頭。是從內(nèi)部穿過,含義與in有關(guān)。如:
① We walked through the forest. 我們穿過森林。
② The river flows through the city from west to east. 這條河從西到東流過城市。
Ⅲ. over“橫過、跨越”指橫過道路、河流等“細長物”時,與across通用。Over 雖可指從表面的接觸及跳(飛)越,但指渡過則不能用。從房間、原野、海洋等“平面延伸”的一端橫越到另一端時也不能使用。而常用across.
① She went across / over the bridge.
② He jumped across / over the stream他跳過了小溪。
③ She swam across the straight of Dover. 她游過了多佛爾海峽。
④ They drove across the desert. 他們駛過沙漠。
另外,over作介詞還有“翻過……”的意思,如:climb the mountain 翻過那座山。
11. to do sth/ doing sth
動詞不定式(to do sth)與動詞的ing 形式,都是非謂語動詞。一般地, 不定式表示:具體的,某一次特定的或?qū)淼男袨?/strong>。而動詞的-ing 形式則表示:抽象的,一般地,具有普遍性的,或正在進行的行為。在句中都能作:主語,賓語,定語,狀語,賓補等。如:
① I like swimming, but I dn’t like to go today. 我喜歡游泳,但今天我不想去。
[注]:下列動詞接to do sth.和doing sth 的不同意義:
12. towards/ to / for
Ⅰ. for “向……”,接在leave, start, depart 等動詞之后,表方向。如:
① She is leaving for Beijing. 她將動身到北京去。
Ⅱ. towards 僅表“方向”,比for 的意味要強。如:
① He is coming towards the house. 他向這房子走來。
Ⅲ. to “向,朝……”表目的地。接在動詞come, go, return, proceed, move, march 等后。如:
① Let’s go to Yangzhou by steamer. 讓咱們乘船去楊州吧!
② Soon after his return(he returned) to England, his father died. 當他回英國不久后,他的父親便去世了。
13. treat/ heal
二者都是動詞,treat意為“治療”,強調(diào)用藥物或醫(yī)療手段醫(yī)治的過程,并不表示治療了效果。heal意為“治愈”,指醫(yī)好傷病。如:
① The dentist is treating his teeth.牙醫(yī)在為他治牙。
② The doctor healed my burns. 醫(yī)生治好了我的燒傷。
14. used to do sth/ be used to doing sth/
be used to do sth/ would
Ⅰ. Used to do sth.“過去常常做某事”(現(xiàn)在不做了),只用于過去時態(tài)。如:
① He used to get up early.過去他常早起。(現(xiàn)在已不這樣了)
② Her mother used to go shopping on Fridays, but now she does it on Sunday.她母親過去常在周五去購物,但現(xiàn)在她周日去了。
Ⅱ. Be used to (doing)sth. “習慣于做某事”,be used 是被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。可用于現(xiàn)在、過去、將來多種時態(tài)。Be可用get, become等代替。如:
① He will be / has been used to getting up early. 他將會/ 已經(jīng)習慣于早起。
Ⅲ. Be used to do sth. “被用于做某事”, be used 是被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu),其中不定式表目的,可用于多種時態(tài)。如:
① Wood is used to make paper.木材用來造紙。
[注]:used to 的否定式有兩種:一是:used not to 二是:didn’t use to 如:
① My father used not to smoke. = My father didn’t use to smoke.我爸爸過去不抽煙。
② They used not to live in the country. = They didn’t use to live in the country.
其疑問式是將used 提前,或添加助動詞 did.
Ⅳ.would 是情態(tài)動詞,沒有象used to那樣,有過去和現(xiàn)在的對比。不能說明是否現(xiàn)在還做不做。
15. very / right / just
Ⅰ. right “正好”“就” “立刻”等。如:
① Mike lives right opposite the street.麥克就住在街對面。
② There’s a big stone right in the middle of the road. 路正中有塊在石頭。
③ Lily met an accident right here. 莉莉就是在這兒出事的。
④ She’ll be right back. 她馬上就回來。
Ⅱ. Just 作為副詞,常用在祈使句前以加強語氣。如:
① Just think of the result. 試想一下后果吧。
② Just touch it . 你摸摸吧。
③ Just wait a moment, please.請稍等。
Ⅲ. very 作為形容詞,常與the, this或my, your等連用,以加強語氣,表“正是那個”“恰好的”等。如:
① You are the very person I’m looking for. (= You are the right person …) 你正是我要找的人。
② The two men fought on this very spot. (= right in this place) 那兩個男子就是在這個地方打起來的。
16. why not/ why don’t
此兩者都是表建議的句型,一般可以代換。類似的還有:
▲ Let’s…
▲ Shall I / we … ?
▲ How / What about … ?
Ⅰ. why not “好的、可以呀、為什么不可以呢?”如:
①--Mum, may I go out to play basketball now? –Why not?
③ Why not ask your teacher? 怎么不去問一問你的老師呢?
此外還可表一種不可理解的心情:
① --I won’t see the film again. – Why not?
Ⅱ. why don’t 是一種友好的建議(a friendly suggestion).無論在什么場合,使用起來十分親切。后面接主語。如:
① Why don’t you go swimming? 為什么不去游泳呢?
② Why don’t I give Lily some colourful pencils? 我給莉莉一些彩筆,好嗎?
17. work / job
Ⅰ.job “工作”,既可指固定的工作,也可指臨時的或某項具體的工作,是可數(shù)名詞,前面可用不定冠詞a, 也可以有復數(shù)形式。如:
① John lost his job. John失業(yè)了。
② There were just not enough jobs.沒有 那么多的工作(可干)。
③ Tom’s father is looking for a job.
Ⅱ.work 是個普通用詞,泛指一切工作,是不可數(shù)名詞。如:
① I have a lot of work to this evening. 教師的工作就是教學。
② A teacher’s work is teaching.老師的工作就是教學。
[聯(lián)想]:搭配
apply/hung for a job.求職get/ find a job.找到一份工作
lose one’s job。失業(yè)perform odd job.打零工
quit a job. 辭職have/work a side job 兼職
take a part-time/full-time job in a department store.
在百貨公司擔任兼職或?qū)B毠ぷ鳌?/strong>
18. work at/ work on/ work out
Ⅰ. work at 與work on 都可以作“從事于”,后接名詞、代詞、或動詞-ing 形式作賓語。Work at 側(cè)重于表示所從事的工作和性質(zhì),而不在于說明正在做什么。此時可將work at 譯為“學習,研究,寫作,致力于”等。如:
① They have worked at this subject for many years. 他們研究這個課題已經(jīng)有好多年了。
② He is working at a new invention. 他正致力于一項新的發(fā)明。
Ⅱ. work on 側(cè)重于表示“從事某項工作”。可將它譯為“造;創(chuàng)作;畫;做……”。賓語為其具體的對象。常用于進行時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)。還可表示:“繼續(xù)工作;對……起作用”如:
① We’re workin on some wood-cuts. 他們正在創(chuàng)作一些木刻作品。
② He has been working on this painting for days. 這張畫他已畫了好些天了。
③ They will work on till sunset. 他們將繼續(xù)工作,直到日落。
④ This medicine will work on the affected part. 這藥能對患部起作用。
19. worth/ worthy
Ⅰ.worth可用作名詞或形容詞,作名詞時,意為“價值”,無復數(shù)形式;也可解作“值一定金額的數(shù)量”如:
① Nobody knew the true worth of his work. 沒有人知道他的工作的真實價值。
② Give me one yuan’s worth of apples. 給我一元錢的蘋果。
▲ worth 作形容詞時,只能用作表語,不能作定語,其后常跟錢數(shù)或相當于錢的詞,表示:“值多少錢”;跟動詞的-ing 形式,表示“值得(做)……”。如:
③ The dictionary is worth 5 yuan. 這本字典值5元錢。
④ The play is worth seeing. 這場戲值得一看。
Ⅱ.worthy 是形容詞,意為“值得”,主要用作表語,后跟of , 再接名詞或動詞-ing 的被動形式。worthy 后也可跟不定式。如表被動意思須接不定式的被動語態(tài)。如:
① She is worthy of help. 她值得幫助。
② The watch is worthy of being bought. 這塊表值得買
③ The question is worthy to be discussed. 這個問題值得討論。
20. affair/matter/business
Ⅰ. affair “事、事情、事務(wù)”它的涵義最廣,可指已經(jīng)發(fā)生或必須做的任何事情, 也可泛指事務(wù)(通常用算數(shù),指重大或頭緒較多的事務(wù))。如:
① The railway accident was a terrible affair.那次火車事故是件可怕的事。
② That’s my affair, not yours. 那是我的事, 不是你的。
③ We should concern ourselves with state affairs. 我們要關(guān)心國家大事。
Ⅱ. matter“事、事情” 是普通用語,常指我們所寫到或談到的事情,要考慮和處理的事情。如:
① This is a matter I know little about. 這件事我不大知道。
② I’ll ask some one about the matter.關(guān)于這件事我將去問問人。
③ There are several matters to be considered. 有幾件事情要考慮。
[注]:在口語中,be the matter 相當于 be wrong, 表發(fā)生了失常的事或出了毛病等意思。如:
① What’s the matter? 怎么啦?
② What’s the matter with you? 你怎么啦?
Ⅲ. business“生意、商業(yè)”產(chǎn)普通用語。它表“事情、事務(wù)”時,往往指一種任務(wù)、責任或必須去做的事。此外, 它有時還含有輕蔑的意味。如:
① We don’t do much business with them.我們跟他們沒有多少生意來往。
② It is a teacher’s business to help his pupils.幫助學生是教師的責任。
③ He made it his business to fetch water for a granny. 他把為一位老大娘挑水當作自己的事。
④ It’s not your business.這不是你的事。
[注]:這三個詞有時可通用,但不能任意替換。如:
Mind your own business.少管閑事。這里的 business 可用affairs 替換,但不能用 matters.
21. afraid/ fear/ frightened
Ⅰ. afraid “害怕”是形容詞,只能作表語,而不能作定語,后接of 短語或不定式,構(gòu)成 be afraid of sb. 和 be afraid to do sth
① She is afraid of a snake. 她害怕蛇。
② The little girl is afraid to go out at night.
afraid +that clause “恐怕”, 是婉轉(zhuǎn)拒絕別人的一種表達方式。 如:
① I’m afraid (that) I can’t go to the party. My brother is sick. 恐怕我不能去參加聚會了。我弟弟病了。
Ⅱ. fear “害怕”是動詞,與be afraid 往往通用,但不如它常用(特別是在口語中)。如:
① We fear no difficulty.我們不怕困難。
② He feared to speak his mind.他不敢說出自己的想法。
③ Fearing that he would catch cold, I went out to see him.因為怕他會受涼,我走去看他。
Ⅲ. frightened adj “受驚嚇的、害怕的”可做表語,也可作定語。如:
① She is too frightened to move.她太害怕了不能動彈。
② A frightened girl is crying. 一個受驚的女孩正在哭。
22. feel like / would like
Ⅰ.feel like 與would like 意思很相近,但feel like 后面常跟名詞;動名詞。構(gòu)成:feel like (doing) sth. 而 would like 一般接名詞;動詞不定式。構(gòu)成:would like (to do) sth.的句式。如:
① I feel like (having) a drink. = I would like (to have) a drink. 我想喝一杯。
② Do you feel like talking a walk. = Would you like to take a walk? 你要不要散步?
③ I don’t feel like eating. 我不想吃東西。
Ⅱ.feel like 還表示:“覺得好像,摸起來像”。如:
① It feels like silk. 它摸起來像綢緞。
23. after/behind “在……之后”
Ⅰ. after “在……(時間)之后”;
“在……(地點)之后”,指次序。如:
① He came after ten o’clock. 他十點以后來的。
② Two days after his arrival, I called on him. 在他到達兩天以后,我拜訪了他。
③ ‘Against’ comes after ‘a(chǎn)gain’ in this cictionary.在這本字典中 ‘a(chǎn)gainst’ 排在 ‘a(chǎn)gain’ 之后。
Ⅱ. behind 表地點時意為:在……后面、著重指位置的前后。偶爾也指時間,表按照一定的時刻而遲了的意思。
① The garden is behind the house.
② He stood behind me.
③ The train was behind time. 火車誤點了。
④ You are two hours behind. 你遲了兩個小時。
24. ago/before
Ⅰ. ago adv. “……以前”指從此刻起,若干時間以前,通常與過去連用。如:
① It happened two days ago.這件事發(fā)生在兩天以前。
② I met him a few minutes ago.我在幾分鐘以前碰到他。
Ⅱ. before adv, prep & conj “……以前”指從那時起若干時間以前。通常與完成時、過去時等連用。還可用作前置詞或連接詞表時間,而ago 則不能這樣用。
① He said that he had seen her two days before.他說他兩天前見到過她。(表從她說話那時起兩天前)
② I had been fine the day before.(那天)前一天的天氣很好。
③ I’ve seen that film before.
④ I never met him before.
25. agree to/ agree with/ agree on(up on)
Ⅰ. agree to “同意、應(yīng)允”通常用于同意某件事情(我們可以同意我們自己有不同看法而并不贊同的事情)。如:
① Do you agree to this plan?
② He agreed to my proposal.他同意了我的提議。
③ I agreed to his terms. 我同意了他的條件。
Ⅱ. agree with “同意、贊同”常常表示同某人意見一致,也可表贊同某件事情。還有“(氣候、食物等)適合”之意。如:
① I quite agree with you.我很同意你。
② Do you agree with me ?
③ I agree with all you say.我同意你所說的。
④ His words do not agree with his actions.他言行不一致。
⑤ Too much meat doesn’t agree with her.吃太多肉對她身體不合適。
[注]:agree with 不能用于被動語態(tài)。
Ⅲ. agree on /upon “對……取得一致意見”指兩方或多方就某個問題取得了一致的意見或達成了某種協(xié)議。如:
① After discussion the two sides agreed on a cease-fire. 經(jīng)過討論,雙方就?;饐栴}達成了協(xié)議。
② They all agree on the plan.他們對這個計劃意見一致。
[注]:此句型可轉(zhuǎn)換成agree in doing sth.如:
① All of them agreed on / upon it. = All of them agreed in doing it. 他們對做這個問題達成了共識。
26. at times / at all times / all the time
Ⅰ. at times “不時;偶爾”如:
① The tide is , at times, very high. 潮水有時漲得高。
② I make mistakes at times when I speak English. 我說英語偶爾會出錯。
Ⅱ. at all times.“隨時;任何時候;總是” 如:
He has a cool head at all times. 他隨時都有清醒的頭腦。
Ⅲ. all the time “一直;始終” 其中time用單數(shù)形式。如:
The baby cries all the time. 那嬰兒一直哭。
27. aim/ purpose/ object
Ⅰ. aim “目的”指抱有一種明確的目的,并意味著為之實現(xiàn)而竭盡全力。如:
① What’s your aim in life?你的人生目的是什么?
② The ultimate aim of the Party is the realization of communism.黨的最終目的是實現(xiàn)共產(chǎn)主義。
Ⅱ. purpose “目的”指心中有打算,并意味著對所作的打算有較大的決心。如:
① It was done with a definite purpose. 做這件事具有一個明確的目的。
② For what purpose (purposes) do you want to go to Canada? 你要去加拿大的目的何在?
Ⅲ. object “目的” 含有比較具體的意味。往往指在我們的行為中,需要或希望直接達到的目的。如:
① The object of my visit is to consult you. 我訪問的目的是來和你商量。
② What is your object in studying English? 你學英文的目的何在?
[注]:以上這幾個詞的涵義雖有差別,但在語言實踐中,常被毫無區(qū)別地使用著。
28. alive/ living/ the living/ live/ dead
Ⅰ. alive adj“活著的”“在世的”,它既可修飾人也可修飾物??勺鞅碚Z,定語。作定語時,應(yīng)放在被修飾的名詞之后。如:
① They were alive and as happy as ever. 他們都還活著,并跟以前一樣快活。
② All the other comrades were killed in the battle. He was the only man alive. 所有的同志都還活著亡了,他是唯一的幸存者。
Ⅱ.living adj,“活著的”主要用著定語,常置于名詞前,有時也可置于名詞后。也可作表語。如:
① Every living person has a name. 每個活著的人都有一個名字。
② No man living could do better. 當代人沒有一個能做得比這更好。
Ⅲ. the living “活著的人”如:
The living are more important to us than the dead.對我們來說活著的人比死了的人更重要。
Ⅳ. live adj. “活著的”讀著[laiv],反義詞為 dead, 可作定語,放在所修飾的名詞之前,一般不用來修飾人。 還可以作動詞,讀著[liv], 意為“生活”、“生存”如:
① The cat was playing with a live mouse.這只貓在玩弄一只活老鼠。
② Pandas usually live in the south and the southeast of China.熊貓通常生活在中國的南部和東南部。
Ⅴ. lively adj. [‘laivli](livelier, liveliest) “生動的”;“活潑的”;“充滿生氣的”用作表語或定語,可用來修飾人或物。如:
The sports ground is lively with all sorts of ball games. 運動場上進行著各種球類比賽,呈現(xiàn)出一派生氣勃勃的景象。
29. all/ every
Ⅰ. all 和 every 意思十分相近,二者都可用來泛指人或物。但all可與算數(shù)的名詞連用,而every 只能與單數(shù)的名詞連用。如:
① All Mondays are horrible. 星期一總是可怕的。
② Every Monday is horrible. 每個星期一都是可怕的。
Ⅱ. all 和 every 也可用來指某一類東西中的個體。但all 后跟the 或其它“限定詞”,而every后卻不能。它往往強調(diào)無一例外的意思。
--She is eaten all the biscuits[‘biskit]. –What, every one? –Every single one! 她把餅干都吃光了。怎么,把每一塊都吃光了嗎?每一塊全都吃了!
Ⅲ. all 還可和單數(shù)名詞連用,表示every past of 而every卻不能有此義。如:
She was here all day. 她在這呆了一整天。
30. all/ whole
Ⅰ. 二者意義(“全部、都、整個”)相同,然而詞序不同。
Ⅱ. all用于冠詞,所有格或其它“限定詞”之前。
whole 則用于冠詞之后。如:
① all the time. ────→the whole time.全部時間
② all my life ────→the whole life.我的一生
③ all this confusion ─→ this whole confusion.整個混亂狀況。
Ⅲ. 如果沒有冠詞,或其它限定詞,whole不能與單數(shù)名詞連用??梢哉f:
① The whole city was burning.但不能說:
② Whole London was burning.
Ⅳ.whole 和 all 與復數(shù)名詞連用時意思不同。Whole 的意思為“全部”,而all的意思則近乎“每一個”如:
① All Indian tribes([traib]部首 ) suffered from white settlement in America.
所有印第安人部首都因白人移民美洲而遭殃。
② Whole Indian tribes were killed off.有些印第安人部落整個被殺光了。
Ⅴ. whole 一般不用來修飾不可數(shù)名詞(包括物質(zhì)名詞)
① 可以說:all the money 或all the wine
② 不可以說:the whole money 或the whole wine.
③ The whole of = whole 與單數(shù)名詞連用。它用于冠詞、所有格之前。
the whole of the time.
the whole of my life
the whole of this confusion
31. allow/ permit/ let/ promise
Ⅰ. allow“允許、許可”,一般指聽任,或默許某人去做什么,含有消極地不反對的意味。如:
① We allowed him to depart.
我們允許他離去。
② Who allowed you to leave the camp?
誰允許你離開營地的?
③ I can’t allow you to do that.
我不能允許你做那件事。
allow 也可表客氣的請求。如
① Will you allow me to use your pen?
我可以用你的鋼筆嗎?
Ⅱ. permit “允許、許可”但是正式地許可,含有比較積極地同意某人去做什么的意味。如:
① I will permit him to do so.
我準備同意他這樣做。
② The sentinel permitted the strangers to pass when they had given the countersign.
當這群陌生人說出口令后,哨兵就允許他們通過了。
[注]:allow 與 permit 的涵義雖有差別,但在語言實踐中,它們常常被通用著。如:
① Smoking is not allowed here.此處禁止吸煙。
② Smoking is not permitted in this theatre.
本戲院里禁止吸煙
Ⅲ. let.“允許、讓”它可以指積極地允許,但更多的是著重指不予反對和阻止其后所跟的賓語要接不帶to的不定式用以表示客氣的請求時,可與allow通用。且更具有口語色彩。如:
① Her father will not let her go.她父親不會讓她去。
② Don’t let this happen again. 不要讓這種事發(fā)生了。
③ Please let me know what happens.請告訴我發(fā)生些什么事。
Ⅳ. promise “答應(yīng)” “允諾”。與以上三個詞的意義不同,用于主體答應(yīng)自己要作什么的場合。如:
① He promised to begin at once.
他答應(yīng)立刻開始。
② I promised (him) to attend to the matter promptly.
我答應(yīng)(他)立即處理這件事。
③ They promised an immediate reply.
他們答應(yīng)立即答復。
32. almost/ nearly
Ⅰ. almost“差不多、幾乎”有very, nearly 的意思。如:
① He has almost finished his work.
他差不多完成了他的工作。
② Almost no one took any rest.
幾乎沒有一個人休息一下。
Ⅱ. nearly “差不多、幾乎、將近”指一差距一般比almost 大。如:
① It’s nearly five o’clock.
差不多五點鐘了。
② Nearly everyone knows it.
幾乎每個人都知道這個。
③ He’s nearly ready.
他快準備好了。
[注]:almost有時可與nearly通用,但當其與no, none, nothing, never連用時,不用nearly。如以上almost的例①可以互換,但例②則不能。
33. alone/ lonely
Ⅰ. alone adj. “單獨的”只能作表語。如:
① I’m alone but I don’t fell lonely.我單身一人但我從不覺得孤獨。
② 此外alone 還可作副詞。相當于by oneself,“單獨地”“獨自”
③ I’ll go there alone.我將獨自去那兒。
Ⅱ. lonely adj. “孤獨的”“寂寞的”有時還可表示“荒涼的”“無人煙的”意思,與deserted意思相同。含有較濃的情感色彩。既可作定語也可作表語。如:
① We’re together most of the time, so we never feel lonely.
② a lonely / deserted island
34. aloud/ loud/ loudly
Ⅰ. aloud adv. “出聲地”有使能聽得到的意味。如:
① Please read the story aloud. 請朗讀這個故事。
② They were shouting aloud.他們在高聲地呼喊。
Ⅱ. loud. adv “高聲地、大聲地、響亮地”常指在說笑等方面。如:
① Don’t talk so loud. 不要如此高聲地談話。
② Speak louder. 說得大聲點。
Ⅲ. loudly adv. “高聲地”有時與loud 通用,但含有喧鬧的意味。如:
① Someone knocked loudly at the door.
有人大聲敲門。
② Don’t talk so loudly(loud).
不要如此高聲地談話。
35. already/ yet /still
Ⅰ. already. adv. “已經(jīng)”多用于肯定句中,通常與動詞的完成時或進行時連用。也可用于疑問句,但不表真心的疑問,而表“驚奇”。它多置于句中。有時為了強調(diào)而置于句末。如:
① I’ve seen the film already.
② The train has already left.
火車已經(jīng)開走了。
③ Have you already had breakfast?
難道你已經(jīng)吃過早餐了?
Ⅱ. yet adv “已經(jīng)、仍然、還”一般只用于否定句或疑問句,且常常置于句末。如:
① He hasn’t found his bike yet
他還沒有找到他的自行車。
Ⅲ. still adv “仍然、還”可用于各種句中,且一般只用于句中。如:
① Do you still teach in that school?
你還在那所學校教書?
[注]:still在句中的位置不同,其意義也不同。如:
① He is still(還)standing there.
② He is standing there still(adj.不動的、靜止的)
他站在那兒一動也不動。
36. also/ as well/ too/ either “也”
Ⅰ. also較正式,位置通??拷鼊釉~,用于句中;且用于肯定句中。如:
① He also plays football. 他也踢足球。
② I was also there.我也在那兒。
Ⅱ. too 多用于口語,通常置于句末,前邊須用逗號隔開,也可用于句中,且前后均須用逗號隔開,;用于肯定句中。如:
① He is a worker, too.
② The two cows, too, are white.
那兩頭奶牛也全都是白的。
Ⅲ. as well 是副詞短語,多用于口語,只用于句末。如:
① She not only taught us English but taught us maths as well.
她不但教過我們英語,還教過我們數(shù)學。
② He is a teacher and a writer as well.他是位教師,也是一位作家。
Ⅳ. either 用于否定句中,常置于句末。在肯定句變否定句時,其中的also, too, as well都要改為either.
① Yesterday I didn’t watch TV and I didn’t see the film, either.
昨天我沒有看電視,也沒有看電影。
37. for / from / since
Ⅰ. 三者都能用來表示時間,但用法不同。
since “自從”,所表示的是一個時間點??捎米鹘樵~,也可用作連詞,后接時間名詞或短語,或引導時間狀語從句;要求前面的謂語動詞或主句的謂語動詞必須用完成時態(tài),要用延續(xù)性動詞。而since引導的從句中的謂語動詞通常應(yīng)是短暫性的動詞。若接時間,則應(yīng)為點時間。如:
① He has worked there since1989.
② She has lived here since she moved here.
Ⅱ. from “自從” 只用作介詞,表一個事情的開始點,可用于過去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼臅r態(tài)。如:
① They worked from 7:00 to 12:00 this morning.
② We have been good friends from childhood.
Ⅲ. for 作為介詞,后面接段時間,用于完成時、現(xiàn)在時、過去時和將來時,句中要用延續(xù)性動詞。如:
① We’ll stay here for ten minutes.
我們將在這兒呆10分鐘。
② They have studied English for three yeas.
38. although/ though
Ⅰ. although conj. “盡管、雖然”引導讓步狀語從句,相當于 though. 只是比though稍微正式些。多用于句首。though 用于非正式文體中,較普遍,但以下幾種用法,不能用although. 如:
表強調(diào)時,要用even though,如:
Even though I didn’t understand a word, I kept smiling.
盡管我一字不識,我還是一直微笑著。
②. Though可用在倒裝句中,如:
Young though he is, he is quite experienced.
他雖然年輕,但很有經(jīng)驗。
③ though 可作副詞,表示“然而”放在句末或其它位置。如:He said he would come, he didn’t though.他說他要來,結(jié)果他卻沒來。
[此外],although不用著副詞。在英語中如果用了although 或 though, 就不能再有but,但可以用yet或still; 反之,如果用了but , 就不能用although 和 though. 如:① Although he is in poor health, (yet) he works hard. = He is in poor health, but he works hard.雖然他身體不好,但他工作仍努力。
②Although it was so cold, he went out without an overcoat.雖然天氣很冷,他未穿外衣就出去了。
③ He is quite strong, although very old. 他雖然很老了,但還是十分健壯。
Ⅱ. though 常用作連詞,“雖然”。在口語中還用著副詞,一般放在句末,意為“可是、然而”等。如:
① He didn’t light the fire, though it was cold.
天氣雖很冷,他卻還沒生火。
② Though it was very late, he went on working.
雖然很晚了,他還是繼續(xù)工作。
③ He said he would come, he didn’t, though.
他說他來,可是結(jié)果他沒有來。
39 . always / yet
Ⅰ. always “總是;一直”常與一般現(xiàn)在時連用。有時也與進行時連用, 但并不強調(diào)動作正在進行,而是表示“贊嘆、厭煩、不滿”等情緒。常用于肯定句中,放在“三類詞”(情態(tài)動詞、助動詞、系動詞本書稱為“三類詞”)之后,行為動詞之前。如:
① We always get up before six o’clock. 我們總是六點前起床。
② He is always thinking of others.
他總是想著別人。
Ⅱ. yet. “仍然;還”常與not連用。用于否定結(jié)構(gòu)中。如:
①He hasn’t finished the work yet.
他還沒完成這項工作。
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